The Essence of CEO Inside Debt
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v22i2.8305Keywords:
CEO Inside Debt, corporate cash, firm valueAbstract
I examine the effect of CEO pension and deferred compensation, commonly known as CEO inside debt, on corporate cash holdings, as measured by the ratio of cash and marketable securities to net assets. Utilizing a sample of EXECUCOMP firms over the period of 2006 to 2008, I find a positive relation between the corporate cash holdings and CEO inside debt. I also find that cash increases have a more positive valuation effect for firms with high levels of CEO inside debt relative to those with low levels of CEO inside debt.
References
Amihud, Y. and B. Lev, 1981. Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. The Bell Journal of Economics 12, 605-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3003575
Anantharaman, D., V.W. Fang, and G. Gong, 2010. Inside debt and the design of corporate debt contracts. Unpublished working paper, Rutgers University and Pennsylvania State University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1777592
Bates, T.W., K.M. Kahle, and R. Stulz, 2009. Why do US firms hold so much more cash than they used to? Journal of Finance 64, 1985–2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01492.x
Baumol, W.J., 1952. The transactions demand for cash: An inventory theoretic approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics 66, 545–556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1882104
Cassell, C.A., S.X. Huang, J.M. Sanchez, and M.D. Stuart, 2012. Seeking safety: the relation between CEO inside debt holdings and the riskiness of firm investment and financial policies. Journal of Financial Economics 103, 588-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.10.008
Cen, W., 2011. The determinants of CEO inside debt and its components. Working Paper, Cornell University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1716306
Chen, F., Y. Dou, and X. Wang, 2010. Executive inside debt holdings and creditors’ demand for pricing and non-pricing protections. Unpublished Working Paper, University of Toronto and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1690303
Coles, J., N. Daniel, and L. Naveen, 2006. Managerial incentives and risk-taking. Journal of Financial Economics 79, 431- 468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.09.004
Core, J. and W. Guay, 2002. Estimating the value of employee stock option portfolios and their sensitivities to price and volatility. Journal of Accounting Research 40, 613-630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00064
Dewatripont, M. and J. Tirole, 1994. A theory of debt and equity: diversity of securities and manager-shareholder congruence. Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, 1027-1054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2118355
Dittmar, A., J. Mahrt-Smith, and H. Servaes, 2003. International corporate governance and corporate cash holdings. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 38, 111-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4126766
Dittmar, A. and J. Mahrt-Smith, 2007. Corporate governance and the value of cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics 83, 599–634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.12.006
Edmans, A. and Q. Liu, 2011. Inside debt. Review of Finance 15, 75-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfq008
Foley, C.F., J. Hartzell, S. Titman, and G.J. Twite, 2007. Why do firms hold so much cash? A tax-based explanation. Journal of Financial Economics 86, 579–607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.11.006
Francis, B.B. and G. Yilmaz, 2012. Inside debt and stock price performance. Working Paper, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2021396
Gerakos, J., 2010. CEO pensions: disclosure, managerial power, and optimal contracting. Working Paper, University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
Gompers, P., J. Ishii, and A. Metrick, 2003. Corporate governance and equity prices. Quarterly Journal of Economics 118, 107–155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/00335530360535162
Guay, W., 1999. The sensitivity of CEO wealth to equity risk: An analysis of the magnitude and determinants. Journal of Financial Economics 53, 43-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(99)00016-1
Harford, J., 1999. Corporate cash reserves and acquisitions. Journal of Finance 54, 1969–1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00179
Harford, J., S.A. Mansi, and W.F. Maxwell, 2008. Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. Journal of Financial Economics 87, 535–555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.04.002
He, G., 2011. Effect of managerial ownership of debt on financial reporting quality and stock price crash risk. Working paper, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967098
Jensen, M., 1986. Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. American Economic Review 76, 323-329.
Jensen, M. and W. Meckling, 1976. Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 305-360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Lee, G. and H. Tang, 2011. CEO pensions and deferred compensation. Working Paper, Seton Hall University. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1787479
Liu, Y. and D.C. Mauer, 2011. Corporate cash holdings and CEO compensation incentives. Journal of Financial Economics 102, 183–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.05.008
Low, A., 2009. Managerial risk-taking behavior and equity-based compensation. Journal of Financial Economics, 92(3), 470-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.05.004
Opler, T., L. Pinkowitz, R. Stulz, and R. Williamson, 1999. The determinants and implications of cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics 52, 3–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(99)00003-3
Pinkowitz, L., R. Stulz, and R. Williamson, 2006. Does the contribution of corporate cash holdings and dividends to firm value depend on governance? A cross-country analysis. Journal of Finance 61, 2725–2751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2006.01003.x
Rajgopal, S. and T. Shevlin, 2002. Empirical evidence on the relation between stock option compensation and risk taking. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(2), 145-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(02)00042-3
Sundaram, R. and D. Yermack, 2007. Pay me later: inside debt and its role in managerial compensation. Journal of Finance 62, 1551-1588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2007.01251.x
Tong, Z., 2010. CEO risk incentives and corporate cash holdings. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 37, 1248 –1280. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.2010.02208.x
Wang, C., F. Xie, and X. Xin, 2011. Managerial ownership of debt and bank loan contracting. Working Paper, Chinese University of Hong Kong. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1703473
Wei, C. and D. Yermack, 2011. Investor reactions to CEOs’ inside debt incentives. Review of Financial Studies 24 (11), 3813-3840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhr028